Secondary Storage

 File compression

The process of encoding information using fewer bits or information through use of specific encoding schemes is known as data compression (source coding).The data will be stored more efficiently so that the information can take up less disk or file space as well as may be transmitted in less time. File compression is also a type of data compression that condenses one or more files into a file that has less storage space than the files did separately.

 Head crush

Head crush(disk crash) is defined as the collision of the read-write head with the magnetic recording surface of a hard disk in. It will cause the read/write head to collide with the disk's recording surface if there is misalignment, faulty parts in conjunction with dust, and excessive jostling and temperatures. The drive has to be replaced when the data are rendered unreadable. Program crashes are not destructive to the machine but "head crashes" are destructive to the hardware when the computer stops dead its tracks with a head crush and a regular crush.

              
Internet Hard Drive

Hard drives are the most basis storage medium for laptop and desktop computers. The mechanism that reads and writes data on a hard disk is called Internet Hard Drive. Caching is a technique  which is used by the disk drive to improve the performance.The most commonly used interface standards for passing data between a hard disk are IDE and SCSI. Each laptop will at least have one hard drive. 

 Optical Disc Drive

The disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs is pronounced as Optical Disc Drive(ODD). Optical disks can store a lot of data and information up to 6 gigabytes larger than the most portable magnetic media like floppies. There are few basic types of optical disks, they are CD-ROM,WORM and erasable.CD-ROM is like an audio CD.

Solid-state Storage

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid state memory to store persistent data. An SSD emulates a hard disk drive interface, thus easily replacing it in most applications. It is a nonvolatile, removable storage medium which uses integrated circuits (ICs) rather than magnetic or optical media and is equivalent of large-capacity memory. SSD contains no mechanical parts, making it the main advantage. Data and information that transmit to and from solid-state storage media can be processed at a high speed compare to electromechanical disk drivers.

  

Input and Output

Ergonomic keyboard

The computer keyboard that is designed to minimize muscle strain is called Ergonomic keyboard. Painful conditions that result from extended keyboard usage will be relieved by using ergonomic keyboard. Therapists and health care professionals always recommend this kind of keyboard to people who have problems with muscle strain as they are created with comfort in mind.

Ink-jet Printer

Computer printer that operates by propelling tiny droplets of liquid ink onto paper is known as inkjet printers. They are commonly used nowadays as they are low cost, high quality of output, capability of printing in vivid color, and easy of use. 

Laser Printer

To expose an image on a photoconductive drum or belt by discharging blank areas is known as laser printer. The belt is then toned with a charged toner which is then transferred to the paper and fused there by heat and pressure. Usually, it produces high-quality printed material from computer data. Basically, it also is a high-resolution printer that fuse text and graphic images to paper by using a version of the electrostatic reproduction technology of copying machines.

Magnetic - ink Character Recognition (MICR)

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition is a machine that recognizes numeric data printed with magnetically charged ink. It is used primarily on bank checks and deposit slips. Magnetic ink is still widely used in this modern day although optical methods (OCR) become as sophisticated as the early MICR technology. Information like account numbers can be read off by this technology in the computer. The special ink used in printing these numbers has the capable to magnetize when passed through automated check processing equipment.

Optical - character Recognition (OCR)

Optical character recognition is the mechanical translation of images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text which are captured by a scanner into a machine-editable text is usually abbreviated to OCR. In order to become a computer-readable text, technique of converting the graphical image of a scanned text into its constituent characters is needed. Text is typically not usable, searchable, or editable.  The software will then converts the shapes on it into a text document if you pass the page through an OCR program.

Optical - mark Recognition (OMR)

The process of capturing data from document forms like surveys and tests is called Optical Mark Recognition (Optical Mark Reading and OMR). Normally, it can scan a printed form and reads predefined positions and records where marks are made on the form. For example,surveys, reply cards, questionnaires and ballots that in a large numbers of hand-filled forms which need to be organised quickly and with great accuracy can apply by using this technology. Nowadays, many schools use OMR application for multiple-choice tests. The accuracy of  OMR technology is nearly 99%.

system unit

Flash Memory

It is a non-volatile semiconductor memory that consists of 1-transistor memory architecture cells. The memory mechanism also consists of storing charge and it enables data storage as well as simultaneous erasure of defined blocks of memory electronically. Flash memory is a device that holds data when the power is removed. The device is similar to EPROM with the exception that it can be electrically erased.

Graphic Card

A video card, video adapter, graphics-accelerator card, display adapter or graphics card is an expansion card whose function is to generate and output images to a display. It refers to any computer device or program that makes a computer capable of displaying and manipulating pictures. The term also refers to the images themselves.

Sound Card

A computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs is called sound card(audio card). Sound cards can record and play back digital audio. Typically, you can play MIDI files as it have a MIDI synthesizer. Some may also consists of MIDI inputs and outputs. Sound cards will allow the computer to play digital audio and/or musical instrument sounds. 

Network Interface Card(NIC)

A network interface card, network adapter, network interface controller (NIC), or LAN adapter is a computer hardware component designed to allow computers to interact with other computer network. It is also a hardware adapter that is responsible in building, transmitting, receiving, and decoding frames when come to a LAN environment.     

Plug and Play

The characteristic of a computer bus, or device specification, which helps the discovery of a hardware component in a system without the need for physical device configuration is known as plug and play in computing. People who just want to add a new board, drive, or other chunk of hardware to their system, can use IRQ and DMA channel to conceal unpleasant details. Plug and Play is the most convenient way to use electrical equipment.

Bus Line

Bus line defined as a collection of wires in which data is transferred from one to another in a computer system. On the other hand,it is also a  line that can be connected between the microprocessor to the motherboard in expansion slots like hard disk drives and CD-ROM drives.


HDMI

To transmit an uncompressed digital data, you can use a compact audio/video interface which is pronounced as HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface).  It is a new connection standard which can be found on HDTV's, DVD recorders and A/V-receivers. An HDMI connection enables the uncompressed data transfer of video between HDMI-enabled consumer electronics devices just like the older DVI connection it typically replaces. A difference between HDMI and DVI is that HDMI transfers the video and audio signal.

Cache Memory

A cache is a memory medium that provides faster access than the medium where the data is constantly stored and is being read from or written to the disk drives. A cache memory architecture combines SRAM's speed with DRAM's cost effectiveness. Besides, it is where instructions and information wait for processing after they arrive in the CPU from RAM. 

Specialised Application Software

Audio Editing Software

Audio editors software would listen to recorded tapes at low volumes, and use a process called scrubbing to locate the specific sounds, which will rock back. After that, forth of the tape will reel across the playback heads of the tape deck .With the development of microcomputer technology, and specifically the Macintosh, Sound Recordists were able to digitize their recordings and edit them as files on a computer's hard disk. The computer programs responsible for this task are known as digital audio editors.

Bitmap Image

The type of graphic composed of pixels in a grid is called bitmap. Normally, each "bit" or pixel contains color information for the image. Resizing a bitmap graphic can result in distortion and jagged edges when it comes to a bitmap format which have a fixed resolution. The BMP format is a commonly used to save image files. The BMP format stores colour data for each pixel in the image without any compression. BMP images are normally used for printable images. In computer graphics, a bitmap (pixmap) is an image file format used to store digital images or a type of memory organization. Black and white are the only color that can be displayed in a bitmapped image. But, its quality will decrease when the image is enlarged.

HTML editor

The software application for creating and simplifying the creation of  HTML web pages nearly as easy as just typing a memo using a word processor is known as HTML editor. HTML editors can also offer convenience and added functionality although the HTML markup of a web page can be written with any text editor. Besides that , HTML as an authoring tool also is a software that inserts HTML code when you work to create an HTML file. Some HTML editors will also provide a word processing. GUI allowing computer users to create HTML documents without knowing any HTML code.

   Vector Image 

In order to represent images in computer graphics, vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon, which are all based on mathematical equations. An image system will use basic geometric shapes such as rectangles, lines, circles, ellipses and polygons, to create a graphic image. A vector based graphic is not described in terms of dots, but in term of lines and shapes. Vector image is always better than bit-mapped images.

                                                        Multimedia

                                                                              

 

A combination of several media types in a single digital object or collection, such as images, audio, video is called multimedia. For instance, multimedia is more than one concurrent presentation medium when it comes to a CD-ROM or a Web site. Although still images are a different medium than text, multimedia is normally used to mean the combination of text, sound, and/or motion video. Some people might say that it is the addition of animation. 

Web Authoring

                                  

                                  

A Web site development system that enables Web pages to be visually created like a desktop publishing program is pronounced as web authoring. Web authoring will generate the required HTML code for the pages and will switch back and forth between the page layout and the HTML. The software is based on its GUI tools used for designing the page. But the clarity of HTML code that is generated will determine how easily people can modify and maintain the site when it comes to a low level. In order to enhance the look and feel of a webpage, web authoring tool will base on some version of HTML.

Basic Application Software

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

GUI (pronounced "gooey") that uses a mouse or keystroke commands is an object-oriented display format that enables the computer user to choose from icons and menus. A GUI acts as an interface will enable humans to interact with computers via visual indicators in combination with text, a mouse and a screen. Graphical User Interface can interact with computer systems by the used of graphical images and widgets.

Word Processor

Word processor (document preparation system) is an application tool that allows the computer user to write, edit, format text and send it to a printer. Word processor also is a device which is similar to a simple computer, that is designed for word processing. Software that provides word processing functions on a computer, normally will include a typeface selection, line justification, other formatting, pagination, and numerous other features. 

Spreadsheet

A spreadsheet is a tool that simulates a paper or accounting worksheet. It has a grid that consists of rows and columns which is made up of multiple cells. Each cell contains alphanumeric text or numeric values. Besides, it also is a screen-oriented interactive program that allows computer users to display financial data on the screen. One of the function of spreadsheet is it can be used to manage, analyze, and present information. Spreadsheets enables information to be sorted or listed in a chart or graph and is very popular nowadays.

Database Management System ( DBMS)

The software system that helps the creation and maintenance as well as use of an electronic database is known as Database Management System. Software systems will enable management of collections of electronic data stored in an organized, systematic way. Relationships between the data elements form keys to reduce the amount of data needing to be held and to improve navigation and access speeds in a Relational DBMS. Databases can be created and manipulated by using software like DBMS, or database system. Commonly used database systems include Microsoft Access, Oracle 9i, and MySQL.

                                                      
Utility Suite

Utility suite is a program that supports by using the computer, an application tool or a development environment. Known also as "utilities," utility software is programmed that plays a supporting role. Usually small programs, will perform a limited number of tasks whereas utility programs include file management like creating, moving and renaming folders, copying and deleting files. Searching file, comparing file contents and performing diagnostic routines to check the performance and the functionality of the hardware is under the responsibility of utility suite.

The Internet and the Web

    F.T.P- File transfer protocol

     

A protocol that allows computer users to duplicate files between their local system and other systems they can reach on the network is called File Transfer Protocol. FTP will exchange Web pages from a server to a computer user's browser by using the Internet's TCP/IP protocols. There are two modes of data transfer supported by FTP, they are binary and plain text (ASCII). 

Plug-ins

Plug-in is an add-on for a program that adds functionality to it. For example, you can manipulate images by adding extra filters that use a Photoshop plug-in (such as Eye Candy). You can play multimedia files within your Web browser by using a plug-in (such as Macromedia Flash or Apple QuickTime). Plug- in is also considered as a program that adds specific features like audio or video to a computer user's browser so the files can be played or viewed. For instance, we can view the new multimedia information on the Web by using plug-in.

Filter

A computer program that processes a data stream is called filter. Filter also is a device that eliminates some unwanted features when it comes to a signal processing. Normally, it allows an input and produces an output that is a function of time that usually is delayed from the input. Filter is an online discovery experience that filters the entertainment and information, personalizing it for each individual on the website.

 Internet Security Suite

A suite of utilities that maintain the security of a Windows PC from McAfee is defined as Internet Security Suite. Normally,it pronounced as McAfee Office. For instance, antivirus, personal firewall, spam blocker and popup blocker is included in Internet Security Suite.

                                                JavaScript

A scripting language compatible with most browsers that is used to allow programmatic access to objects among the client application and other applications is called JavaScript. Besides, JavaScript also is a scripting programming language that is normally used to add interactive features to webpages. This is a programming language which makes a page more interactive when it comes to a client's browser. Make animated images, pop-up windows, cause an image to change when your mouse rolls over it is under JavaScript.  

                                                          Applets

    

A small program module that runs under the control of a larger application, normally a web browser is called applets. It will perform a certain task like web creating, scrolling text effects, interactive buttons and online chat rooms. Besides that, it is also a program that interprets contents on web pages and display interactive animation, and execute immediate calculations. 

 HTML

HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language) is the markup language for all web pages. We can just create a structured document by denoting structural semantics for text. Appearance and functions of websites and their pages can be defined by using Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is often referred to as "code" or "source code". XHTML and  XML are the examples of elaboration of this kind of code. HTML also is a type of codes embedded in text that make up a web page (document). 

       URL

          

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a subset of the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that fixes where an identified resource is available and it also is a mechanism for retrieving it in the computing. It is a term for the standardized method in order to design WWW  addresses and it can be replaced by URI  in a common usage. URL can be a reference to a resource on the Internet, indicating a protocol, a computer, a file on that computer, and parameters. A location as a domain name or IP address can be specified by an absolute URL  and it is relative to the current file. Nowadays, most URLs contain the directory path, service and host name.